Sports As A Fundamental Aspect Of American Culture Essay

The phrase â€Å"More than just a game† is used so often to describe the passion one has for a particular sport, that when you hear it, it may go in one ear and out the other. From the outside looking in, some may not view sport as beneficial beyond exercise or pure entertainment purposes. To others, it provides significant incentives that last far longer than just the duration of your participation. Sports serves as a fundamental aspect of American culture and their values are significant when it comes to their effect on economics, politics, mass media, and public influence. Athletics attempts to help us understand the values and ethics that apply not only to athletes, but to an entire society. In American society sports holds a social significance and it influences almost every aspect of our lives. Athletics generate billions of dollars each year, thus causing a huge positive economic impact on the U.S. economy. Tons of that money comes from companies purchasing advertisements and endorsements because of the effect sports can have on future sales. â€Å"The sports market in North America was worth $60.5 billion in 2014 (Forbes Magazine).† Sports also affects how individuals may act or conduct themselves to represent their stand on general societal issues. Since it is such a huge aspect in society, people may give a certain level of validity to those related to professional sport to. When athletes have off the field issues that arise such as domestic violence, criminal behavior,Show MoreRelatedSouled Out? How Blacks Are Winning and Losing in Sports by Shun Powell1349 Words   |  5 PagesWinning and Losing in Sports† scrutinizes the paradoxes of African-Americ an success in sports. Perturbed predominantly with the erroneous perceived accomplishment of equality through sports across the world, Powell offers his work as a portrayal of the evolution of African-american athletes over time and compares past struggles with modern day issues. Powell discusses how African American’s are both winning and losing in sports, but ultimately emphasizes the negative aspects of the on-going crisisRead MoreCurrent Issue Of Sport : Globalization1307 Words   |  6 PagesJuly 27, 2016 Current Issue in Sport: Globalization Globalization has become a serious problem today for all sport-related industries in the United States. As the same as other firms, sport corporates are also facing the fact that the North American markets are becoming saturated, thus they have to shifting their focus to the global markets as well as other companies. However, to open the global markets is not as simple as produce and deliver the goods, the sport industries’ managers should alsoRead MoreThe New York City Police Department Youth Services Section836 Words   |  3 Pagesyouths who are thinking of coming a police officer. First, one of the most progressive programs the NYPD offers a cricket and soccer league, this league is for 14 to 19 year olds. Cricket and soccer’s are not part of the three large American sport, but they are two of the most played games in the world. The league is under the Department’s New Immigrant Outreach Unit with this league the NYPD is atble to engage the immigrant population in a very effective way. I believe that this programRead MoreI Am A U.s. Born Citizen1018 Words   |  5 Pageswhenever I needed help. Like Lahiri, I was trapped in between two different cultures while I was growing up. At home, I only spoke Spanish, but in school it was English. My habits and customs were different than others. Life as an immigrant’s offspring can be very difficult. As I grew older, I allowed myself to open my eyes and see the beauty of being an American from Hispanic descent. It was always odd talking about my culture because we as Hispanics are very family oriented. As a kid, I hardly spentRead MoreTitle IX: Crucial in the Fight for Womens Rights1475 Words   |  6 Pages Human rights and fundamental freedoms are the birthright of all human beings. It is the government’s responsibility to protect these rights. The United Nations Human Rights Center helps regulate and provides information on human rights. However despite the UN’s effort somewhere there is a man or woman being denied of what should be their unquestionable rights. For many years certain rights did not exist in America for slightly under half of the American population. This group of people was madeRead MoreHip Hop Rap Music And Subculture1643 Words   |  7 Pagesand a subculture. In particular, the issue of focus is the association of the hip-hop rap genre with the black youth subculture in America. As a youth subculture, hip-hop emerged in the 1970s from New York City’s borough of the Bronx. The African American community was the root of the music genre, which gained popularity in the 1980s and 1990s. As part of its growth, the genre developed its own distinct language, music style, and lifestyle values, which have influenced widespread recognition of itsRead MoreThe Art Of Efficiency : Let s Say You re Out With A Group Of Friends At The Local1125 Words   |  5 Pageschildren, Olympians, or the male French population. Simply put, Speedos are regarded as unacceptable in contemporary American society - too tight, too small, too revealing, and too homosexual. In reality, the Speedo should be regarded as a prideful and glorious garment and we as society should focus less on the controversies surrounding male Speedo swimsuits and pay more attention to the aspects of efficiency and functionality for which they embody. As a division one water polo athlete who spends six toRead MoreCulture of Cuba1353 Words   |  6 PagesThe Culture Of Cuba Andrew Mengel Moravian College The Culture of Cuba Cuba has a complex but rich culture that has been broadening in all aspects in its society. Its semi-forbidden access to Americans makes it a curious destination for adventitious people. The largest island in the Caribbean, Cuba has been inhabited since the mid-1400s by various Mesoamerican tribes, until 1492 when Christopher Columbus invaded the island and took it over. It remained a colony of Spain until the Spanish-AmericanRead MorePsychology And Sociology And Psychology1612 Words   |  7 Pagesdescription (what is happening), explanation (why is happening), prediction (when will it happen again) and control (How can it be changed). Meanwhile sociology is focused on the study of social behavior or the behavior of the society, this involved culture, social interaction, patterns of social relationships, institutions, inter-personal and intra-personal relations, organizations and systems. However these sciences are related, because it s difficult to comprehend the inter-relations o f society withoutRead MoreThe Principles of Communication1557 Words   |  6 Pagesemotion and sympathy .Moreover ,haptics can have negative and positive impact between people for example haptics between friends shows the warmth, care, kindness and closeness, but if two people do not know each other will face a problem due to culture differences .Haptics is always concern between friends ,family and love partners who are really having high level of haptics between both .However, distances and spaces between people can be nonverbal communication. It can shows whether two people

Motivation in The Workplace - 1771 Words

When it is discovered that a worker can fulfill the requirements of their job, but are experiencing shortcomings in doing so, many times it is believed that worker motivation may be the root of the problem (Laird 95). What, though, is work motivation? According to Laird (2006), â€Å"motivation is a fundamental component of performance â€Å" and â€Å"is the reason that someone chooses to do some things and chooses not to do others†. In other words, work motivation is what energizes workers to the level of output required to fulfill a task, directs their energy towards the objectives that they need to accomplish, and sustains that level of effort over a period of time (Steers et al., 2004). In essence, worker motivation is what gets the job done.†¦show more content†¦Focusing primarily on work motivation, Hackman and Oldham (445) created a model that emphasized individual personality and job characteristics as the determining factors of employee motivation. Ac cording to this theory, known as the Job Characteristics Theory, all jobs can be divided into five core job dimensions (skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback) which then influence three psychological states (meaningfulness, knowledge, and responsibility of work) and result in desired personal and work outcomes, such as satisfaction and motivation (Hackman Oldham 447). In a recently conducted meta-analysis, strong support for this particular needs-motives-value theory was discovered. The data outlined in the study displays that 34% of variance in work performance and 55% of variance in job satisfaction can be determined by job characteristics (Humphrey, Nahrgang, Morgeson, 2007). The second subsystem of motivational theories focuses not on the â€Å"inner needs† of individuals as the basis for motivation, but on the ability as human beings to be rational decision-makers. These theories, known as Cognitive Choice Theories, assume that human beings are not controlled by the need to accomplish innate inner desires, but that they employ cognitive processes that enable them to make choices based on their own personal desires to achieve aShow MoreRelatedWorkplace Motivation1770 Words   |  8 Pagesbe very useful tools to increase motivation from the employees, reduce employee turnover and help to maintain skilled and talented personnel. Strategies used to influence employee loyalty can be intrinsic motivation or extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is explained as ones personal incentive to engage in an activity for a feeling of personal satisfaction and accomplishment without expectation of external rewards or recognition. Whereas, extrinsic motiva tion is defined as using external incentivesRead MoreThe Impact Of Motivation On The Workplace861 Words   |  4 PagesOnce I would like to start off explaining what motivation in the workplace. Motivation is an employee s intrinsic enthusiasm about and drive to accomplish activities related to work. Motivation is that internal drive that causes an individual to decide to take action. The five job related factors that can hinder motivation in the workplace are (1) Inadequate Job Skills, (2) Opportunity for Advancement, (3) Overwork, (4) Respect from Co-worker, and (5) Job security. Inadequate Job Skills- In theRead MoreThe Effect Of Motivation On The Workplace759 Words   |  4 PagesThe topic in the workplace that I have chosen to discuss is that of motivation in the workplace. Problems of motivation can cause performance issues, which cost businesses thousands of dollars each year (Nordmeyer). Low motivation delays employees from completing their work and causes many mistakes made within the workplace (Nordmeyer). The definition of motivation is the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, as well as persistence of effort, towards attaining a goal (RobbinsRead MoreEmployee Motivation in the Workplace1504 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Honore (2009), James Lindner (1998), and an article by Fred Herrera (2002). All three articles discussed the topic of employee motivation in the workplace. The authors examined several motivational theories and put forward their ideas on the concepts and application of motivational techniques. The aut hors’ work provides insight into the psychology of motivation and the different factors and theories that affect it. My conclusion is in line with the authors’, motivated employees are needed forRead MoreWorkplace Motivation Essay1169 Words   |  5 Pagesneed to motivation because this works want to get high quality .However, there are some problems which face so many people during the motivation . So there are a lot of theories appeared to help people to get the best motivation. What is the motivation .To reply this question that means you can understand the motivation also you can know how do you deal with problem motivation. There are a lot of definitions for motivation some people make briefly definition for motivation ,thatRead MoreMotivation in the Workplace Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pagesto and if they do not receive what they deserve the situation may board on injustice. Unfortunately in today’s society justice and appreciation are not given out to all those deserving (Pinder, 1998). A major problem to address is how to keep the motivation level high in a company when the employees do not feel appreciated. The Equity Theory touches on the effects these situations have on the employee’s motivational level. In society today employees are constantly comparing how they are treated comparedRead MoreEmployee Motivation in the Workplace1413 Words   |  6 Pagesproduct and or quality is of the same caliber. The key to an employee performance is motivation. The expression, you can lead a horse to water but you cannot force it to drink water, can be seen within the human race. The purpose of this paper is to discuss motivation in the workplace. To have a successful company, employee must be motivated enough to work and get the job done. One way have success in the workplace is to define the morale and motivate employees. The human resource department orRead MoreWorkplace Motivation: QVC1314 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Workplace Motivation: QVC Motivation is a psychological process that causes arousal, direction, and the persistence of voluntary actions that are goal oriented (Ramlall, 2004). Lack of motivation is the main reason employees do not remain with a company. Employee retention is critical for a company to remain successful. For every 10 managerial and professional employees lost, an organization loses an average of $1 million (Ramlall, 2004). With respect to QVC, it is the nations largest electronicRead MoreAchieving Motivation At The Workplace1177 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion: 1. What is the best way to achieve motivation at work? Explain your answer with reference to relevant literature and examples. Problem Statement: Achieving motivation at the workplace is extremely important as the desire for workers to perform more efficiently and higher in terms of quality can directly influence the overall performance of a company (Ridgeway, 1982). Thus, discovering the best way to achieve motivation at work is a very necessary topic to be discussed. However, the definitionRead More Motivation In The Workplace Essays1605 Words   |  7 Pages Motivation in the workplace is one of the major concerns that managers face when trying to encourage their employees to work harder and do what is expected of them on a day-to-day basis. According to Organizational Behavior by John R. Schermerhorn, James G. Hunt and Richard N. Osborn the definition of motivation is the individual forces that account for the direction, level, and persistence of a persons effort expended at work. They go on to say that motivation is a key concern in firms

International Corporate Strategy Analysis For LEXUS †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the International Corporate Strategy Analysis For LEXUS. Answer: Overview of the company and current operating position: Lexus enterprises are the luxury vehicles division of the automaker company Toyota Motor Corporation that belongs to Japan. The company has a customer market that is widespread to 70 countries all over the world, and has been crowned as the pioneer in designing and providing premium luxury cars to the world with the largest annual revenue. The lexus began its operations in the United States in the year 1989, where the company sold premium cars exclusively; however, the company grew its brand reputation gradually and the company expanded to various locations worldwide (Pressroom.lexus.com. 2017). In elaboration regarding the current operational stand of the company, the4 barnd Lexus international sold 677615 premium cars for the year of 2016 which can be interpreted as a 5% annual rise in the total sale from the previous year; now this hike is more than commendable considering the high manufacturing cost involved with luxurious cars and the high market competition. The primary focus of this company is centred on the elite socioeconomic class, hence, the target market for this division of Toyota is compartmentalized into a separate sector; and in the last decade, Lexus had not been subjected to the competition that it faces in the present day (Bourreau, Sun and Verboven 2016). Yet the brand has been successful in retaining its hold on the premium motor vehicle market with ease, and there have been a myriad of different international competitive strategies employed for the company to retain its monopoly in the market. The current operating head quarters of the company remains i n the United States headed by the general manager and vice president Jeffrey bracken (Pressroom.lexus.com. 2017). Review of company's international competitive strategy: It has to be understood that Lexus introduced a very novel concept into the automobile market; the premium cars that Lexus built had lean design, minimal detrimental impact on the environment and the best of performance, comfort and quality. Despite the company aiming to provide the best of both worlds to the target market, there is a significant and somewhat alarming competition that Lexus had to battle for it to establish a strong and sustainable place for itself in the dynamic economy (Pressroom.lexus.com. 2017). One of the greatest threats in the context of international expansion that Lexus has faced is in accordance to poor brand recognition and poor exposure to the right target market in expansion centres like in Europe. However in order to improve the under-recognized brand imaging for the company in such regions, the company has resorted to robust international competitive strategies (Meyer and Peng 2016). First and foremost, the company employed a focus strategy as it introduced into the market presenting a unique product and lean production system in the United States in 1989, however, as the brand started to expand it recognized the need for a more improvised and targeted strategy in order to overcome the choking threat of competition that it received in centres like Europe. Now, among the generic strategies available, Lexus Corporation opted for the differentiation strategy to combat international competition. The differentiation strategy emphasizes on highlighting the uniqueness of the product from that of the competitors taking into account both the consumer preferences and product strengths into account. Along with that, the company also resorted to portfolio diversification as a strategy that broadens the marketing scope of the brand tremendously, and allows the company to build a brand image separately attracting more customers than the mother company (Narula and Verbeke 2015) . Entry strategies used to enter other regions/countries: The Japanese automaker Toyota Motors Corporation has dominated the automobile industry both on the basis of annual unit and customer profitability, hence when the luxury division of the company was launched in the United States of America in the name of Lexus, the tremendous success and growth that it generated had been a welcome surprise for the company. However, as the brand propagated towards the necessity of global expansions, there have been a large number of blows that the annual sales and profit statistics of the company faced (Nkomo 2013). According to the research surveys the most sensitive grounds for Lexus where it had been battered by the three German luxury automobile brands had been china and Europe, where it failed to make a considerable impression on the consumer market. However in order to recapture the lost grounds, the company resorted to improvised and more consumer market centred global entry strategies. A global market entry strategy can be defined as the pre-pl anned procedure of delivering products or services to a particular target market taking into account all the different aspects of the particular target market into account (Prange 2016). One of the first strategies that Lexus resorted to had been to facilitate global scale motorization, in which the company attempted to explore and understand the global market trends in acute detail and mould the manufacturing and marketing strategies according to the discovered trends (Prange 2016). For instance, for the European market, where Lexus received most competitive threat, it opted for marketing organization restructuring and concentrated on sectors like UK and France, where brand image building had been easier with more informed and approachable consumer market. In the Chinese market, the improved entry strategies included both marketing and manufacturing reorganization activities; as the market growth in that particular market had been robust, Lexus relied on product line up and brand image establishment to reach the potential customers (lexus.com. 2017). Outside exporting is another key traditional market entry strategy that is incorporated by the company in most cases, in locations where the manufacturing is costlier; this strategy is a proven useful one, along with turnkey contracts. The turnkey operation can be defined as the agreement that equips the seller to supply the buyer with the fully equipped and ready to be operated which is a great franchising method for any expanding brand, which has been effective in case of Lexus as well (Verbeke 2013). On a concluding note, it can be stated that Lexus started its journey with the slogan engineering the impossible: pursuit for perfection and the company has achieved to do so. Toyota has emphasized on two key strategies, understanding the new market and improvising marketing and manufacturing based on the new market. And these strategies have helped the company tackle the rather difficult markets with ease in the last couple years contributing to its appreciable growth. References: Ajami, R. and Goddard, J.G., 2014. International business: Theory and practice. Routledge. Bourreau, M., Sun, Y. and Verboven, F., 2016. Market Entry and Fighting Brands: the Case of the French Mobile Telecommunications Market. Meyer, K. and Peng, M.W., 2016. International business. Cengage Learning. Narula, R. and Verbeke, A., 2015. Making internalization theory good for practice: The essence of Alan Rugman's contributions to international business. Journal of World Business, 50(4), pp.612-622. Nkomo, T., 2013. Analysis of Toyota Motor Corporation. Prange, C. ed., 2016. Market Entry in China: Case Studies on Strategy, Marketing, and Branding. Springer. Pressroom.lexus.com. (2017). Lexus International 2016 Year In Review | Lexus. [online] Available at: https://pressroom.lexus.com/releases/2016+lexus+international+review.htm [Accessed 5 Oct. 2017]. Verbeke, A., 2013. International business strategy. Cambridge University Press.

A Mothers Biggest Fair Essay Example For Students

A Mothers Biggest Fair Essay One spring afternoon a mother met her greatest fear head-on. Crystal Beck and her three-year-old son Travis were shopping for a new spring and summer wardrobe at a local mall. The mall was very hectic for the middle of the afternoon and to make matters worse Crystal had forgotten her sons stroller at home after taking him for a walk earlier that day. She had told her inquisitive son to say by her side. After visiting a few stores Crystal began to notice that Travis was becoming very anxious. So she made the decision to finish her sons shopping in JC Penney at the far end of the mall, the two made their way to the childrens clothing section located on the third floor. As Crystal searched through the cluttered racks looking for the perfect outfits for her son, still glancing back at Travis who was looking through a bin of stuffed toys. She looked back to the rack for a split second to find the size she needed, and when she looked back up to check on her son he was gone. Crystal began calling his name, waiting for a response, no response ever came. She called again, but louder this time Travis, where are you? With every call for her son her heart began to beat fast and harder inside of her chest. She could feel herself beginning to tremble and shake, her vision became gray and distorted, she then began running though the store call her son and crying uncontrollably. A salesperson stopped her to try to calm her down and find out what had happened. Crystal explained to her still crying and shaking what had happened. The salesperson assured her not to worry, that he would be found. The girl notified security for the store, they brought Crystal to their office and asked for a description of the boy. She told them that he was a three years old boy, with blonde hair and blue eye, and standing 36 inches in height. He was wearing a blue baseball cap, a red long sleeved shirt, blue jeans, and a pair of white Reebok sneakers. When she was done with the description of her son the security officer offered her a glass of water, but she refused it. Her stomach felt as if there was a solid piece of metal lying at the bottom of it. As Crystal sat in the office so many horrible thoughts ran through her head, thoughts that no parent would ever want to imagine might happen to their beloved child. Just then an officer walked into the office with a stone gray look on his face. He asked the officer sitting behind the desk if he could step out into the hall. At that moment Crystal had an overwhelming intuition of fear come over her. She knew that when the officer returned it was not going to be good news. After a short moment, which seemed to her as an eternity the officer  returned into the room. He informed her that a surveillance camera had taken some footage of a man carrying a small child who was kicking and screaming out of the door that fit the description she had given of her son, Travis. Crystal immediately began crying again; she felt herself become nauseous and lightheaded. The officer said Maam, we need you to take a look at the video. Crystal knew that she was the only one, who could positively identify her son, so she agreed to look at what the camera had captured. The officers led her out of the office and down a corridor to the monitoring room. This walk seemed like the longest walk that she had ever had to endure. She took a seat in front of the monitoring television. The officer asked her Are you ready? Crystal could never really be ready for what she was about to see, but she responded with a quiet and unsure Yes. As the tape played out, to her relief the boy in the video was not Travis. She responded with Oh thank God, its not him. Again she began to cry and sob uncontrollably with relief. By this time two-and-a-half hours had gone by since Crystal had last seen her son. She decided that she wasnt doing herself or her son any good just waiting for news. She decided that she was going to help in the search for Travis. After seeing the video she felt that her son was somewhere in that store, and she wanted to be the one to find him. .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8 , .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8 .postImageUrl , .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8 , .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8:hover , .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8:visited , .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8:active { border:0!important; } .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8:active , .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8 .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u097355a2194ad2554a34ea593f5309c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: ADOBE MAGAZINE EssayShe started in the last place she saw her son and followed her mothers intuition. Her intuition led her to the back of the store to the bedding department. With her eyes she scanned the area. A twin-sized bed with Mickey Mouse bedding caught her eye. On that bed she noticed an oddly shaped ball in the middle of it, as her heart began to pound she walked up to the bed and pulled back the covers. To her surprise and delight there lay her blessed child sound asleep unknowingly what was going on around him. Crystal heart immediately filled with joy and relief. She quietly lay down beside her son, holding him in her arms while she sobbed. Fifteen minutes went by when one of the security guard walked by. He immediately saw the two laying in the make-shift bed, standing there in the distance he watch a mother lovingly hold her lost treasure in her arms. He radioed in that the boy had been found and to call off the search and all was back to normal in the store.

Stealing Essay Example For Students

Stealing Essay -Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition README for DisplaysJune 2000- (c) Copyright Microsoft Corporation, 2000This document provides complementary or late-breaking information to supplement the Microsoft(R) Windows(R) Millennium Edition (Windows Me) documentation. HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENTTo view Display.txt on-screen in Notepad, maximize the Notepad window. To print Display.txt, open it in Notepad or another word processor, and then on the File menu, click Print. We will write a custom essay on Stealing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now CONTENTSWINDOWS UPDATEWINDOWS 95 UPGRADESWINDOWS 95 DRIVERS CONVERTED TO VGAADAPTER TYPEMONITOR TYPEREFRESH RATES DISPLAY PROBLEMSDYNAMIC COLOR CHANGEANIMATED CURSORSIRQ CONFLICTS WITH PCI DISPLAY ADAPTERSMULTIPLE DISPLAY SUPPORT===============WINDOWS UPDATE ===============Microsoft regularly makes updated drivers available on the Internet through Windows Update. Windows Me also includes additional drivers in the Drivers directory on the Windows Me CD. To obtain additional or updated drivers, carry out the following steps:If you have an Internet connection:1. Click Start, and then click Windows Update. 2. Follow the instructions on your screen. If you do not have an Internet connection:1. Click Start, and then click Help. 2. In Windows Help, click the Index tab. 3. Type Download Library, and then press Display. 4. Follow the instructions on your screen. Microsoft updates the Windows Driver Library on the Internet regularly with the newest drivers from third-party manufacturers. Microsoft tests these drivers for compatibility and then makes them available for download. Windows Update makes these drivers available automatically by detecting the hardware on your system and offering you only those drivers that are compatible with your system. ===================WINDOWS 95 UPGRADES===================Windows Me upgrades all Microsoft-provided drivers from Windows 95 and DirectX releases. Windows Me also upgrades certain third-party Windows 95 drivers that might experience problems running in Windows Me. If your display card or system included display-specific utilities (for example, extra Display properties in Control Panel, refresh rate utilities, or color matching utilities), an upgrade to the provided Windows Me driver may cause the utilities not to work correctly. If Windows Me upgrades your display driver and your display-specific utilities are not working correctly, this is because the existing third-party Windows 95 driver is not compatible with Windows Me. Third-party display drivers and utilities are often very interdependent, so that if you remove one piece, you will break the other. The display drivers included with Windows Me are intended to be generic drivers that provide stable support for standard Windows APIs and features. Because each driver must support a number of different configurations, it is impossible to support every utility with one driver. Some features that formerly were included in third-party utilities have been integrated into Windows. If you still want the extra features offered by your display adapter vendor, contact your vendor to obtain an updated driver and software. ===================================WINDOWS 95 DRIVERS CONVERTED TO VGA===================================Windows Me is compatible with Windows 95 display drivers. However, because the internal structure and behavior of the operating system have changed since Windows 95, some problems in existing Windows 95 drivers might become apparent only in W indows Me. If the Windows Me CD contains a driver for your device, Windows Me automatically upgrades known bad drivers (see the Windows 95 Upgrades section earlier in this document). If the Windows Me CD does not contain a driver for your device, Windows Me converts the driver to VGA to allow the system to start. In this case, you need to obtain an updated driver, either by following the procedure in the Windows Update or Windows Driver Library section earlier in this document or by contacting your display hardware manufacturer. .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea , .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea .postImageUrl , .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea , .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea:hover , .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea:visited , .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea:active { border:0!important; } .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea:active , .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc13c75a74de2b9dea987ef9ac91272ea:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The last of the mohicans Argumentative Essay============ADAPTER TYPE============Windows Me Setup configures your adapter type based on the controller it usesfor example, S3, Cirrus Logic, or ATI. However, you may find a more exact match for your adapter make and model by using the Update Device Driver wizard. In most cases, selecting a more precise adapter type does not change the driver or its behavior in any way. It only changes the name displayed in the Display Properties dialog box. If your computer is working with the display driver Windows Me automatically installed, theres no need to make a change. To choose a more specific adapter:1. Open System Properties in Control Panel, and then click the Device Manager tab. 2. Select the device you want to change adapters for, and then click Properties. 3. Click the Driver tab, click Update Driver, and then click Next. 4. Click Specify the location of the driver (Advanced), and then click Next. 5. Click Display a list of all of the drivers in a specific location, and then click Next. 6. In the Models list, select your adapter, and then click Next. 7. Follow the instructions on your screen. ============MONITOR TYPE============If Windows Me does not contain a driver for your monitor type, select one of the standard monitor types instead. This selection will not adversely affect the performance or quality of the Windows Me display output. Before you can change to a higher resolution on certain video cards, you will have to specify the exact monitor type. This is by the design of the newer drivers. To find out whether Windows Me has a driver for your monitor, carry out the following steps:1. Click Start, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel. 2. Open Display Properties. If you do not see the Display icon, click view all Control Panel options.3. Click the Settings tab, and then click Advanced. 4. Click the Monitor tab, and then click Change. A list of monitor drivers included in Windows Me is displayed. If Windows Me does not have a driver for your monitor, contact the manufacturer of the monitor. =============REFRESH RATES=============To adjust the refresh rate in Windows Me, carry out the following steps:1. Click Start, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel. 2. Open Display Properties. If you do not see the Display icon, click view all Control Panel options.3. Click the Settings tab, and then click Advanced. 4. Click the Adapter tab, and then select a refresh rate from the list. You must select a monitor in order to set refresh rates. If Monitor is set to unknown monitor, no custom refresh rates are available. Refresh rates are affected by the capabilities of both the display adapter and the monitor. Windows Me makes available all the refresh rates within the combined capabilities of the display adapter and the monitor. ================DISPLAY PROBLEMS================If your display is visible but imaging incorrectly:1. Right-click the desktop, and then click Properties. 2. Click the Settings tab, and then click Advanced. 3. Click the Performance tab. 4. Move the Hardware Acceleration slider one notch to the left. If the problem isnt corrected, repeat the above procedure and move the slider further to the left. NOTE: Moving the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left disables some of the graphics acceleration functions of your display adapter. If your display-related problems are due to incompatibilities in the display driver, this fixes them by using less of the acceleration features in the driver. If your display is blank or unreadable when Windows Me starts:1. Restart your computer. 2. Press and hold down CTRL until the Microsoft Windows Millennium Startup Menu appears. .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b , .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b .postImageUrl , .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b , .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b:hover , .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b:visited , .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b:active { border:0!important; } .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b:active , .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3908bb37c2a7235349a6838eacc3f20b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: American And Indian Culture EssayWords/ Pages : 1,240 / 24

Free Essays on The Plessy Case

Plessy v. Ferguson , a very important case of 1896 in which the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the legality of racial segregation. At the time of the ruling, segregation between blacks and whites already existed in most schools, restaurants, and other public facilities in the American South. In the Plessy decision, the Supreme Court ruled that such segregation did not violate the 14th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. This amendment provides equal protection of the law to all U.S. citizens, regardless of race. The court ruled in Plessy that racial segregation was legal as long as the separate facilities for blacks and whites were â€Å"equal.† This â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine, as it came to be known, was only partially implemented after the decision. Railroad cars, schools, and other public facilities in the South were made separate, but they were rarely made equal. Immediately after the American Civil War ended in April 1865 the Sout hern states began to segregate blacks from whites in schools and other public facilities. Reconstruction, a period of rebuilding in the American South that lasted from the end of 1865 to 1877, put a temporary stop to these policies in some places. Blacks had won enough political power in the South during Reconstruction to prevent the passage of legislation designed to deny them access to public facilities. Also, after the Civil War the national government remained committed to upholding at least some degree of racial fairness. However, even during Reconstruction, most Southern schools were segregated and blacks were often forced to use inadequate public facilities. After 1877 whites gained greater political control and eventually total political dominance of the South, and the national government did little to stop the worsening plight of Southern blacks. As a result, segregation gradually spread. By the mid-1890s railroad cars and other forms of public transportation had b... Free Essays on The Plessy Case Free Essays on The Plessy Case Plessy v. Ferguson , a very important case of 1896 in which the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the legality of racial segregation. At the time of the ruling, segregation between blacks and whites already existed in most schools, restaurants, and other public facilities in the American South. In the Plessy decision, the Supreme Court ruled that such segregation did not violate the 14th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. This amendment provides equal protection of the law to all U.S. citizens, regardless of race. The court ruled in Plessy that racial segregation was legal as long as the separate facilities for blacks and whites were â€Å"equal.† This â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine, as it came to be known, was only partially implemented after the decision. Railroad cars, schools, and other public facilities in the South were made separate, but they were rarely made equal. Immediately after the American Civil War ended in April 1865 the Sout hern states began to segregate blacks from whites in schools and other public facilities. Reconstruction, a period of rebuilding in the American South that lasted from the end of 1865 to 1877, put a temporary stop to these policies in some places. Blacks had won enough political power in the South during Reconstruction to prevent the passage of legislation designed to deny them access to public facilities. Also, after the Civil War the national government remained committed to upholding at least some degree of racial fairness. However, even during Reconstruction, most Southern schools were segregated and blacks were often forced to use inadequate public facilities. After 1877 whites gained greater political control and eventually total political dominance of the South, and the national government did little to stop the worsening plight of Southern blacks. As a result, segregation gradually spread. By the mid-1890s railroad cars and other forms of public transportation had b...

The EERI Oral History Series Reflection Assignment

The EERI Oral History Series Reflection - Assignment Example Berkeley. He convinced the civil engineering chairman at the time to allow for the advanced degree; â€Å"Isn’t it about time that we should start awarding Ph.D.s?†1. In addition to teaching, Egor enthusiasm for engineering led him to work in various exciting positions as an engineer, including E.F. Rudolph, Martin Pohl, Bill Mellema and Southwest Portland Cement Company. Furthermore, as a researcher, Egor took thirty years to pursue the subject of seismic design which was not known to many. As he puts it; â€Å"I undertook an extensive exploration of this difficult problem†2. Secondly, Egor was highly adaptable. This trait is well brought out during his early years as a child. Having been born in Russia, Egor had to endure harsh conditions as a child, partly brought about by the war in Russia. For instance, he and the family had to live on the Hospital Train where his father worked. As he says, they were there for â€Å"two-and-a-half years.† Egor had to live in other places including Hailar, Pogranichnyy, and Harbin before settling in San Fansciso. As a practicing engineer, his ability to adapt to new environments and challenges was put to the test. He worked in various firms in various capacities. Each of these positions brought with them their own unique set of challenges. He worked in more than ten firms as an engineer holding various positions. For example, while working at Bill Mellema in Los Angeles as a seismic designer, Egor was involved in a number of designs and analyses. He notes that work â€Å"varied in complexity; some was in steel , and some in reinforced concrete†3. Furthermore, his ability to adapt to new and challenging environments played an important role in his teaching and research career. For instance, in his early career in teaching at Berkeley, Egor was required to teach three courses to classes some with an enrolment of more than 100 students. He however managed to adapt to this challenge, and even at some point memorizing

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Unix Vs. Windows - Essay Example operating system to be used by complete novices (as a result of the ease of operation and the simple user interfaces), Microsoft has also forged partnerships with many big and small PC manufacturers, thereby ensuring that the operating system is shipped along with the PCs that consumers purchase (Jeurguen Haas, 2005). However, UNIX (as also its various versions) continues to be the preferred choice of programmers and software developers in the case of network programming. This is due to the fact that UNIX offers ready-to-use libraries that facilitate the use of direct networking features such as sockets, semaphores and pipes. In windows however, the user is encapsulated from all such features, thereby denying them flexibility at the core programming level. This, according to them, is due to the fact that the operating system offers additional advanced capabilities when compared to Windows (Jeurguen Haas, 2005). One of the most versatile features of UNIX is the fact that the operating system can be installed on numerous machines consisting of different architectures (be it cluster or distributed architectures). Moreover, unlike window, which is a PC based OS; UNIX can be installed on supercomputers and mainframes with a minimal change of configuration alone (KernelThread, 2006). Another problem that continues to plague windows is the constant occurrence of system breakdowns and frequent hang-ups, while such a problem has been found to have lesser frequency of occurrence in the case of UNIX. As such, a UNIX machine requires less network administration and maintenance. UNIX also offers a greater processing power and is found to have solutions for distributed environments as well. The above points do not mean that windows do not provide networking solutions. The upper advantage of UNIX over windows based solutions lies in the fact that in order to operate across a network using windows, one would have to usually install additional software in order to communicate

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The leadership challenge faced by Toyota

The leadership challenge faced by Toyota My decision to work on Toyota is related to a moving scene I saw on television few months ago .Under the media spotlight, Akio Toyoda (Toyota CEO) was standing tearful under a giant display bearing the name of the company. This emotional reaction is the story of a senior leader who commits their life to the business, such a vulnerability is atypical enough to study the case. How Toyota, recognized as model in terms of management, can meet such tragic situation? The consequences of poor crisis management could severely damage the reputation of a company thats why every company must be prepared for crisis. This is the case with Toyota, one of worlds leading auto makers. I have decided to work on Toyota case to show how a company known for its reliable and innovative products , an exemplar of production efficiency with a perfect storm of rapid growth , can become a company with a series of product defects that has caused deaths and put many consumers at risk. Is it a technological matter or a leadership crisis?, What has been Toyotas solutions for crisis response? Toyoda went into hiding and sent American CEO Jim Lentz to make apologies. The issues of product quality became out of control. This left the media, politicians, and consumers to dictate the conversation, while Toyota was looking for the responses. This situation without a proper solution and explanation let people talk and imagine the worst things. Artful apologies and confused plans for resolution have been made to face this crisis. If you have a leader who isnt capable to deal with global issues of this significance level, should he be in the leadership position? What makes a true leader? In this work, I will try to understand how the Prince became the no show Akio Toyoda. For that I will first focus on the external analysis to identify the market place of the company, then I will emphasize on the internal analysis that is to say more specifically the cultural aspects of this company moral , management, attitude at work, with a special focus on the leadership concept. Finally, I will make recommendations that will help Toyota to handle the crisis well. 2)The external analysis The impact of the crisis on the company is huge. When customers lose trust with companies the impact is high. Toyotas customers are meeting a kind of identity crisis. There is a discrepancy between what they were expected from the company and the reality. They expected Toyota to have the highest quality, best reliability and great safety. Because of the crisis, people who used to buy Toyotas think that the value of their car has decline since the problem of confidence began. Twenty seven percent of customers surveyed that said they were considering a Toyota prior to the recall now say they no longer are considering the brand for their next vehicle purchase. Now nearly half of the car buyers who have defected from Toyota say they are not sure if they will consider the brand again, even once Toyotas problems are resolved. This is showing how the impact is huge and how a long term work need to be made to restore customers confidence. It is the main difficulty that Toyota will have to confront. Which is as well a tough nut to crack is that Toyota build all his philosophy on the concept of quality. This shows in quantifiable terms the impact of this crisis of confidence on future purchases. To me it seems that Toyota has losing its focus on customers and has payed more attention to market share and profits, millions upon millions of Americans were buying their automobiles believing Toyotas promises. Moreover Competition will be even more stronger. Rivals will take advantage of Toyotas crisis particularly Ford. Its a competitive market . I think it is important to realize the impact of a break down in trust with customers. In the case of Toyota, the company will see falling profits and possibly losses that may extend well into the future. By some estimates their US dealers are losing over $2B per month. The manufacturing line has been shut down at two US plants with more closings possible. None of this takes into consideration parts suppliers and the economic impact on all those who either do business with Toyota or provide goods and services to Toyotas dealers and their employees. Why is all this happening? We dont have a lots of information on the specific problems, we can guess from the Toyota executives appearances before congress that it was because Toyota lost its essence of what they valued. The old values of quality and customers first were replaced with growth and profitability. Competition is increasing almost daily with new entrants coming into the market from China , South Korea ,Toyota faces tremendous competitive rivalry in the car market, Toyota should not forget what make its fame: reliability How could this happen? We can imagine that leaders like Toyoda did not want to hear from anyone something that is going to slow down the growth train. Even one of the best corporate systems, such as the Toyota Production System, can be subverted by fear and greed. We can say that Toyota has done many things right in responding to the crisis: Talk to the media , using all canals( facebook, twitter, diverse websites) to reassure customers. But it seem that whatever Toyota says now, and however well it acts, there is a sense that it ignored the problem until it was forced to take action. If it stinks, put a lid on it. Toyota follow this japanese proverb to sort out the problem. Toyoda didnt accept to face the reality it is a management crisis and develop a lack of trust from the customers. To react properly, this requires an organisational culture that is vigilant for potential crises, has open lines of communication from staff to management, and a willingness to address unpleasant truths. . The challenge is created by two elements of culture: firstly, an obsession with quality, which means that anything less than perfection is seen embarrassing. As a consequence, problems with quality are literally inconceivable. The second interlinked element of culture is a hierarchical approach to management and a lack of open communication. People who are at the best placed to spot early signs of crisis feel unable to point out flaws. As a result, problems unresolved until they explode into a major crisis. Another reason why Toyota has such a major challenge on its hands is that this crisis touch at the essence of its reputation. Toyota has built its reputation on quality and reliability, and anything that calls this into question is especially threatening. This is a lesson for all organisations: understand what lies at the heart .It is essential that the company remains true to these values in its approach to crisis management . Toyota company has failed to get ahead of events and take control. It looks like the crisis is managing Toyota rather than vice versa. Toyoda, the chief executive, should have been the face of the organisation during this major crisis. No chief executive can be absent from the public eye when the business is in the middle of a crisis It is not necessarily the reality of how a business manages a crisis that will determine its success. Its how the organisation is perceived to have managed the crisis: We know the importance of public relation and the organization of a proper communication. Get it right and the organisations reputation and value can be protected; get it wrong and serious damage can result. In this context, the role of the media spokesperson is pivotal, even in this age of social media. Observers draw conclusions based not just on what the spokesperson says, but also their body language, and tone of voice. executives like Toyoda are unlikely to represent their organisation well in a crisis when they disapear in front of serious crisis Toyota should have create the right culture to avoid crisis , developing workable crisis management plans and processes, and training managers likely to be part of a crisis response team this would have play a large part in determining the success of the organisation in the event of a crisis. Full recovery requires continued communication and actions to regain the trust of customers affected by the crisis. If Toyotas recent troubles encourage more businesses to recognise the impact that crises can have on a businesss long-term reputation and take steps to protect themselves as a consequence, then at least some goodwill has come from recent events. But I am sure that Toyota could regain most if not all of its lost market share with a vigorous marketing campaign and reassurances on quality but for that one step more need to be overcome: a deep and radical changes in terms of culture, moral and management approach. This is what we are going to study in the second part. . the internal analysis We have seen that the impact of the crisis on the external market share is mainly financial now we will focus on the cultural , philosophical, organizational matters. I will try first to sum up what make the specificity of Toyota. A) Philosophy: Before we build a car , we build people why do I exist? That s the question we try to answer through the philosophy. In Toyota company it is fundamental. The company built a long term thinking asking what is the meaning of our organization? where do we want to go?Toyota based its management decisions on a long term philosophy, even at the expense of short-term financial goals to build a sustainable success. They also generate value for the customer , the society and the economy.They align the organization toward a common goal that is bigger than making money. Toyota has turned operational excellence into a strategic weapon not because of the tools and quality improvement methods but a deeper business philosophy rooted in understanding of people and what motivates them. Its success is ultimately based on its ability to develop leaders, build teams, and nurture a supportive culture, to devise strategy, to build deep supplier relationships, and to maintain a learning organization. B) Toyota leadership model: Toyota leaders are builder of learning organization. The aim is to grow leaders who understand the work, leave the philosophy and teach it to others.The leaders real challenge is to develop people so they are strong contributor to the organization but also having the long term vision of knowing what to do, the knowledge of how to do it and the ability to develop people. Leaders at Toyota, like anywhere want to see measurable results. But they know that the financial result is a result of a process. They also realize that the financial reflect the past performance of that process. Good Toyota leaders dont jump to conclusions they try to first size up the situation and then ask why.All action at Toyota revolve around planning and problem solving, for the system to work problems must be exposed. Toyotas way provides extraordinary focus, direction, control, while at the same time they provide maximum flexibility. Three keys to toyotas leadership: Go see, ask why and show respect: getting people to think and take initiative is key! The leaders job at Toyota is to act as a teacher, get each person to take the iniative to solve problems and improve his job, ensure that each persons job is aligned to provide value for customer and prosperity for the company.Leaders must be the role of models, he understand the daily work.So coaching , promote from within the team is key to success. Toyota emphasize on the fact that their role is to develop exceptional people and teams who follow the companys philosophy.They usually use a cross functional teams that is to say a group of people with different functional expertise working toward a common goal. It may include people from finance, marketing, operations, and human resources departments. Typically, it includes employees from all levels of an organization. Members may also come from outside an organization (in particular, from suppliers, key customers, or consultants). Cross-functional teams often function as self-directed teams responding to broad, but no specific directives. Decision-making within a team may depend on consensus, but often is led by a team leader. They also continuously teach people how to work together, because team work must be learned, they want to reinforce the culture continually. The way they solve problem is also interesting : go and see for yourself to thoroughtly understand the situation : It s a really pragmatic approach of problem solving , they go to the source to observe and verify data. Don t theorize on the basis of what people and computers tell you They want to have a true relation with the reality and even high level managers should do this. In Toyotas culture we talk about consensus decision all decision are made slowly by consensus, considering all options. They also implement decision rapidly discussing problem and potential solutions with all involved. B) motivation theory: Maslows need hierarchy looks at motivating people as equivalent to satisfying their internal needs. When you work for Toyota , your lower level needs are covered. Youre well paid, you have job security and youre working in a safe, controlled environment. Toyotas culture emphasizes the use of challenging work situation to build self confidence. Its a culture of continuous improvement. Herzbergs theories are similar to Maslow but they are focus on characteristics of work that are motivators.Their absence will cause a dissatisfaction, but providing a person more and more of them will not positively motivate. Toyota has done a good job. Indeed , for example people are responsible only for a tiny piece of an overall product and work repeatedly , to make the task more motivating they worked on designing assembly line to improve job enrichment. Toyota organizes teams around complete project from start to finish. Having the responsibility of participating in the project from the beginning to the end empowers the employee. They also provide job rotations, they allow people to be proactive in solving problems and they develop autonomy other the tasks. About the external environnement theory, we can notice from Taylors scientific management based on reward with money performance relative to standards that all scientific management principles are followed but at the group level rather than individual level and based on employee involvement. About the goal setting that is to say : set specific, measurable , achievable challenging goals and measure progress, Toyota sets goals that meet these criteria through the policy deployment and the continuous measurements is relative to targets. B)Managing people Toyota has taken various steps to build high performance teams: Step 1: Orientation. This is about the visionary leadership.A leader need to be guide and the vision must be different, unexpected.It must be memorable , stick in the mind.The leader also have to exemply the vision to give concrete dimesion to the vision.This step is vital because if a vision is not shared the success of a project may be risky. The group needs strong direction from the leader and must understand the basic mission, rules of engagement, and tools the members will use. This step is fundamental, a leader have to share purpose and vision to have the support of all the team. Its a condition to build a sustainable success. A leader and his team need to wonder , what kind of organization are they going to build?To build a challenging but achievable goals, the goals that everyone wants and shares Step 2: Dissatisfaction. To avoid discouragement the leader need to build blocks of sustainable success , it could be for example about values.How do we do things round here?Are our values real or window dressing? These reflexions need to involve the inclusive company to be efficient. After going to work, the members discover it is harder than they thought to work as a team. In this stage, they continue to need strong direction (structure) from the leader but also need a lot of social support to get through the tough social dynamics they do not understand. Step 3: Integration. At this stage people become more independent, they understand the meaning of the work.The difficulty is to balance flexibility and control. The group starts to develop a clearer picture of the roles of various team members and begins to exert control over team processes. The leader does not have to provide much task direction, but the team still needs a lot of social support. Step 4: Production. The group becomes a high-performing team, no longer dependent on the leader. In Toyota people do the same mindless task repeatedly and are responsible only for a tiny piece of an overall product. Toyota has tryed to enrich jobs in various ways, to give a meaning to this repetitive work they organized job rotation, various kinds of feedback on how workers are doing at their jobs, it let a significant work group autonomy over the tasks. They redesigned its assembly lines so that the parts that make up a subsystem of the vehicle are installed in one specific area on the assembly line. Rather than a work group assembling electrical systems and then putting in floor mats and then door handles, a work group might focus almost exclusively on the electrical system under the hood., Toyota also organized teams around complete projects from start to finish. For example, the design of the interior of the vehicle is the responsibility of one team from the design phase through production. Participation in the project from beginning to end enriches and empowers the employee. Empowerment of the employee is as well key to success. Empowerment is the process of enabling or authorizing an individual to think, behaves, take action, and control work and decision making in autonomous ways. It is the state of feeling self-empowered to take control of ones own destiny. The organization has the responsibility to create a work environment which helps and give to people the ability and desire to act in empowered ways. Toyotas trouble : crisis or opportunity? As we studied, Toyota company is knowing as reliable and strong organization , on the other hand during the recent recall crisis the company showed weaknesses that we could not imagine. Lets have a critical analysis about what happened.. It seems that the crisis that Toyota met is mainly a problem of communication.Both internal and external communications must be timely and effective. Ongoing daily phone conferences need to be conducted to obtain the latest status and to share information. In addition, status reports must be e-mailed to all interested parties on a daily basis. External communication has to be managed to avoid misinformation being leaked to the media. Moreover leaders need to be visible during crisis but it is also a lake of humility. They didnt take seriously the risk of quality, they were not enough prepare to this risk, they saw themselves as untouchable but we know that even a good company can be involved in crisis. Their strategy is a long term one, they were not prepared to face such an immediate crisis , may be because of their lake of realism. They didnt keep the contact with reality through an efficient communication. We know how listening is an important attribute for a leader and it seems that Toyota company with its hierarchical structure is not prepared to collect information from all the employee. Its a possibility for them to reassert their value and to think their organisation more as living organism that need to adapt to this unpredictable context. We can also be critical about the concept of consensus team decision making, for Japanese it is the essence of decision.Its interesting to talk about the difference of culture that exist between European and Asiatic management. In our country we mainly emphasis on the answer to the question , for Japanese the important element is defining the question that is why they need a consensus to find out what the decision is really about , this can explain the difficulties they meet to find in a short time a good solution. Toyota could turn their crisis situation into an opportunity and build clear channels of communication with the public, improving their relationship and calming the fears of millions of car owners. 4) Recommendations and conclusion Its not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent but rather the one the most responsive to change Charles Darwin Toyota needs leader with credibility and with a clear plan. Toyoda need to see himself as change agent, representing, and protecting the group. He needs to learn how to deal with resistance but also take a risk and to confront the reality. He should, as well, know how to cope with complexity, ambiguity , uncertainty .A real leader is the one who view mistakes as a learning opportunity. There is real challenges of change. For the moment we can see Toyoda as a hiders, the one hoping the change will go away it is not the role of a leader, on the other hand he has to enable the group endure hard times. So lets talk about few recommendations to change the way to lead: 1) Face the reality. Toyoda did not want to face the problem and did not take his responsibility in the crisis . We expect from a leader to be courageous instead of that Toyoda hide the reality.He should have said that he pushed too hard for growth and neglected quality. By admitting his errors, he gives every Toyota employee permission to acknowledge mistakes and to get on with correcting them, instead of denying reality. 2: Get the world off your shoulders. Toyoda cannot expect to solve problems of this magnitude himself. Instead, he needs a crisis team reporting directly to him, working to get problems fixed permanently. He also needs outside counsel, as he appears to be listening only to insiders who are defensive about criticism. He should add the worlds top quality experts to his fix-it team and listen carefully to their advice. 3: Understand the real causes of the crisis. When Toyotas problems first surfaced, the company blamed a symptom loose floor mats and exonerated the accelerators. Instead, management should have required its best engineers to get to the root cause of this problem and every other quality problem being reported. This is basic engineering and quality discipline. 4: Crisis will have effects on a long term.It is going to be worst before getting better.So the organization need to be prepared to face a long term crisis. It will take years to resolve the trust crisis. Toyota must invest heavily in corrective actions while its sales shrink and profits implode, requiring major cash resources until its reputation can be restored. 5:We can change the crisis to an opportunity to restore Toyota quality. The crisis is melting away the denial and resistance that existed in recent years. For sure Employees are waitingfor new direction, and they want to make radical changes to renew the company. With Toyodas leadership, Toyota automobiles can be restored to the worlds highest quality.It is the moment to rebuild brand loyalty and to demonstrate the value and the promise in the answer to the problem. 6: Leaders personify the reputation of a company: In a crisis, people insist on hearing from the leader. Akio Toyoda cant send out public relations specialists or his American executives to explain what happened. Toyoda must come out of hiding, take personal responsibility, Then he should make a personal commitment to every Toyota customer to repair the damage, including buying back defective cars. 6: Leaders need to move quickly to solve causal operational issues, erring on the side of overcompensating. 7: After this crisis Toyoda need to focus on future success. Its important to focus also on the future , the long term benefits, trying to see the opportunity to win market share because afetr this crisis, the market will never look the same. GM and Ford are rapidly regaining market share, while the confidence of Toyotas loyal customers is badly shaken. Toyota cannot wait until all its quality problems are resolved. The company need a reactivity. It must play defense and offense simultaneously. To win, Toyota need to offer advanced features and superior quality, better value for consumers, greater safety, and improved fuel efficiency. I believe this is a great company that will resurrect its reputation and restore its leadership. But there is a lots of effort to make: first it is obviously most important to solve the problems with their cars.. But they also may be find new way to communicate with their customer using for example the social web. It seems that their responses have appeared a little slow and awkward. Giving consumers information about the recall in more pedagogic way, easily understandable. A leader should have a clear message .They should explain exactly what theyre doing, why things will be different in the future. Toyoda did not manage this crisis as we expect a real leader will do.He did not go past the emotional when customers and also employee from the company were waiting for a solutions. It show to us the affective link that a leader can build with his company, but people were expected from him a rational approach. On the other hand I am convinced that even if it is a long term working, particularly trying to regain the customers trust, the company with its reputed story , their experienced know how will be back .Its for them the opportunity to change practices , to work on crisis management ,and to change their organizational work beliefs. Bibliographie: The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the Worlds Greatest Manufacturer de Jeffrey K. Liker Jeffrey Krames, Jack Welch and the 4Es of Leadership, How to Put GEs Leadership Formula to Work in Your Organization, McGraw-Hill, 2005 CONGER, J.A. et B. BENJAMIN, Buildind Leaders, Éditions Jossey Bass, 1999. GOLEMAN, D.,  « Leadership that gets results  », Harvard Business Review, 2000, marsavril, 78-90. HEIFEZT, R.A.,  « The Work of leadership  », Harvard Business Review (1997, janvierfà ©vrier), LAPIERRE, L. (à ©d.)  « Le leadership  », numà ©ro spà ©cial de Gestion, revue internationale de gestion, septembre 2008. NORTHOUSE, P.G., Leadership : Theory and Practice, Sage (deuxià ¨me à ©dition) 2001. YUKL, G. Leadership in Organizations, Prentice-Hall (premià ¨re à ©dition), 1981. Satoshi kamata,demopolis, Toyota , lusine du dà ©sespoir, 2008 Dirk Bosenberg and heinz Metzen, à ©dition dorganisation,  « le Lean management  »,1994 Taiichi ohno  « Toyota Production System : beyond Large- Scale Production  » ,1978 Taiichi OHNO  « Prà ©sent et avenir du Toyotisme  », Masson , Paris, 1992 James P. Womack, Daniel roos, Dunod, Paris , 1992

Racial Profiling by Police Essay -- Race Racism Prejudice Essays

Racial profiling has become a severe obstacle in the U.S. today though most Americans know very little of this vital issue. Every day, people are being pulled over, harassed, and even killed for being of a certain race. There are new laws that politicians are trying to pass that promote racial discrimination. Racial profiling is immoral and does not increase public safety. Incarceration rates are a definite proof that racial discrimination occurs. â€Å"Incarceration rates in the United States have risen sharply since 1980†, stated Filip Spagnoli, â€Å"the racial distribution of inmates in the U.S. is highly negative for black Americans. Whereas they only make up 12% of the total U.S. population, they represent more than 40% of inmates† Black Americans are one of the many races that are accused of many crimes that they are innocent of and being imprisoned for them. Addy Bareiss, a five-year volunteer and worker at the ACLU of Arizona affirmed, â€Å"A 2008 report by the ACLU of Louisiana found that people of color were arrested at higher rates than their representation in the population in every town, city and parish examined† Imprisonment of innocent people has to come to a stop. When officers are focusing mainly on a certain group they overlook criminals of other races who deserve to be in prison. She also stated, â€Å"b lack and Hispanic residents were stopped, frisked, searched, and arrested by Los Angeles Police Department officers far more frequently than white residents, and that these disparities were not justified by local crime rates or by any other legitimate policing rationale evident from LAPD’s extensive data† (Bareiss, Addy). Stereotypes play a significant part of racial profiling. When officers see a black or Hispanic man... ...on=1.0>. "Jose Serrano." BrainyQuote.com. Xplore Inc, 2010. 30 November. 2010. Kennedy, Randall. "Racial Profiling Should Be Abolished." Current Controversies: Racism. Ed. Mary E. Williams. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Raymond S Kellis High School. 29 Nov. 2010 . "Motivated Quotes." Brainy Quote. Xplore, Inc., BrainyQuote, 2001 - 2010. Web. 5 Dec 2010. . "The First 10 Amendments to the." n. pag. Web. 2 Dec 2010. . Spagnoli, Filip. http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/stats-on-human-rights/statistics-on-freedom/statistics-on-prisoner-population-rates/

Beloved, Water Imagery Essay

We visually see water as a clear, constantly flowing object integrated in many areas such as an ocean, a pool, or even a simple cup. But sometimes we do not see the meaning water can have and it’s relation to society. In the novel Beloved, water is related to and involved in many instances that lead to a positive change. Characters like Sethe have experienced a situation in which she had to once escape sweet home, a former slave home, to go on to live a free life. Instances of rebirth or birth occur with Denver and Beloved being brought into the world. At the time, being a slave was hard and even harder when one was pregnant; one would still receive constant abuse, and for Sethe, it was a difficult life. Beginning a new life with a family could have been the start for so, but they would have to escape their slave homes. Therefore, it is seen that the motif of water serves as a positive concept for the characters and their future. At first, it is seen that Sethe, a black, female, pregnant slave who resides in sweet home, is under the care of a cruel man, schoolteacher, who enforced slave-like behavior. The brutality Sethe suffers gets to the point where she has to run away from sweet home in secure of a peaceful life. Captured, beaten, and under the control of schoolteacher after her attempt to run away, she does so again, despite being caught previously. Upon her arrival at the Ohio River, she sees a white girl by the name of Amy Denver, who aids in the birth of Sethe’s daughter as the canoe is being filled with water; her child is named Denver, after Amy Denver helped her. Later another character named Stamp Paid helps Sethe go across the Ohio River without any problems. The water in these scenes is significant because a new child is born, and without the water, it would be a harder process to deliver. With the help of Stamp Paid, Sethe goes over the Ohio River on the way to Baby Sugg’s house. The water also signifies the first steps to Sethe’s freedom by leaving sweet home and the cruel memories it has to her. Before heading to 124 with Denver and eventually meeting up with Paul D, Sethe makes a stop at Baby Sugg’s home in Cincinnati, OH. Baby Suggs could be viewed as an inspiration to the black community as she is aware of what slaves are going through. â€Å"She led Sethe to the keeping room and, by the light of a spirit lamp, bathed her in sections, starting with her face. Then, while waiting for another pan of heated water, she sat next to her and stitched cotton. Sethe dozed and woke to the washing of her hands and arms. † (Morrison, 109) The implication of Sethe’s face being bathed is that she is starting her life all over. The memories she has of being raped by schoolteacher’s nephews and constant abuse from schoolteacher are cleansed away by the water she is bathed with. The water in this context serves as a make-over for Sethe’s life, allowing her to move on from the past and to the future. In addition to seeing Sethe find her freedom through her escape, Paul D too had to find a way to get to 124 to be with her and Denver. Stuck in the abusive prison camp in Alfred, GA, the prisoners are kept in their cells all day by rain: â€Å"It rained. In the boxes the men heard the water rise in the trench and looked out for cottonmouths. They squatted in muddy water, slept above it, peed in it†¦ it happened so quick he had no time to ponder†¦ one by one, from Hi Man back on down the like, thy dove. Down through the mud under the bars, blind, groping. † (Morrison, 109) The excessive rain that poured down to the ground created a muddy footing which gave the prisoners the opportunity to escape. Paul D took advantage of this situation to escape the prison camp to get to 124 to be with Denver and Sethe. Once again, it is seen that water is an essential positive concept for the characters in Beloved. Without the water’s presence, the muddy ground would not have allowed or helped Paul D and the rest to escape. The impact the water has on this scene is helping to facilitate Paul D after he has been enslaved for a long time. He and Sethe both start new paths because of the concept of water. Within the text, the motif of water is shown to be has an essential object which helps the slaves in different ways. The flatbed filled with water aids in the delivery of Denver. The water that Baby Suggs bathes Sethe with cleanses her past and rejuvenates her life to a brand new future. The torrential downpour Paul D experiences in his prison camp allows the ground to become an easy surface to escape from opening the way to a new future. And finally, the long Ohio River is used by Sethe uses to escape her â€Å"prison† with schoolteacher in Kentucky. All of these examples of water’s are positive leading out causes for these characters. Without water, the characters goes would have ended up much differently.

Adidas Essays

Adidas Essays Adidas Essay Adidas Essay Wholesaling strategy to reach profitable market share. Offering discounted prices with different product offering such as shoes and bags for a certain period of time for example, 5 % to 50 % discounts on selected items. Able to penetrate the market as it is cheaper than its competitor. Uses market skimming for example, white T-Mac shoes is being charged at a higher price than the other color of the same version. Taylor Madames premium price points in order to dominate its market. Faster product creation and production by improving infrastructure, processes and yester. Investing more on the highest potential market and channels such as China and Russia. Focusing on three attack markets such as North America, Greater China, Latin America, Japan and I-J. Continuously refining distribution proposition with a strong focus on controlled space such as own retail. E-commerce, mono-branded franchise stores, shop-in-shops, Joint ventures with retail partners and co-branded stores. Royal sporting house, world of sports and sport slink are some of Adios outlets. Retailing space management to amplify Adios brands at Point of Sale transactions. Conduct warehousing for assurance of the safety and quality of its products. Rebooks retail strategic pillars. Rebooks partnership with Cross fit to introduce consumers to a new way of approaching fitness.

The Catholic Inquisition Essays

The Catholic Inquisition Essays The Catholic Inquisition Essay The Catholic Inquisition Essay The Catholic Inquisition is best defined as a crusade by the church to rid the world of heretics. However, the scope under which these measures were carried out is a testament to the power that the Catholic Church exercised over both the ruling class (kings, lords, and other nobles) in addition to the lay people and commoners. Prior to the 1 lath century, the nobles had increasingly dictated church affairs, as they were making secular choices for bishops. This was important for the nobles to do because a bishop would often be the governmental administrator for a town, in edition to the spiritual leader. However, the papacy began to chafe at this external interference, and more so this external exertion of power. Thus, a spirit of reform came about, spearheaded by Pope Gregory VI. He laid out assertions of power that were to be uniform across the Catholic world, with such edicts as: The Pope alone would appoint or depose bishops The Pope alone would have his feet kissed by princes The Pope alone could depose emperors None of the Popes Judgments could be overturned, except by he himself No one could Judge the Pope The Popes decisions were Infallible With such sweeping powers, plus the supposed moral high-ground, the Church now sat as equal If not greater to any monarchy. As time went on, these powers evolved Into a formal court known as the Inquisition which would serve as the means to exercise these powers against enemies of the Church. In the beginning of the 13th century, these courts could try those accused of being heretics. The accusers did not have to face the victim, thus leaving room for abuses and false accusations. Also, a confession or a denial could equally result In punishment; with the former resulting In a flogging or confiscation of property and he latter resulting In torture and/or death. The true Insight Into the relationship between the church and society Is that no other Institution, regardless of Influence or power, could have carried out such a nefarious means of accomplishing Its objectives. Only the church, with the supposed backing of God, could commit such travesties and not be overthrown. However, both nobles and commoners, In constant fear of delve consequences, had no choice but to submit and obey. The Popes decisions were infallible sat as equal if not greater to any monarchy. As time went on, these powers evolved into a formal court known as the Inquisition abuses and false accusations. Also, a confession or a denial could equally result in punishment; with the former resulting in a flogging or confiscation of property and the latter resulting in torture and/or death. The true insight into the relationship between the church and society is that no other institution, regardless of influence or power, could have carried out such a nefarious means of accomplishing its objectives. Only the church, with the supposed backing of commoners, in constant fear of divine consequences, had no choice but to submit

Aspects of interntional accounting & finance Essay

Aspects of interntional accounting & finance - Essay Example Around the world the names and formats of the additional information do very, but the actual information included is often of a similar nature.'' Use recent journals as source of information 2008/2009, these journals will be the main source of information, also use latest books as source of information as the tutor does not accept older sources of information. (2008/2009), and only official websites to be used as sources of information. Financial results are objective numerical yardsticks designed to simplify the assessment of financial strength and progress over a period of time (Hanna et al 2002). Indeed, the increase in academic papers emphasizing on the importance of corporate reporting and financial results of late seems to have outpaced following the Enron Accounting Scandal (Hanna et al 2002:496). According to Hensmans (2003), Adam Smith the founding father of Economics has long acknowledged the important role of financial reporting when he argued that, "the common sense basis of a prospering economy could only be provided by prudence" (Hensman 2003:563). According to Lev (2003), financial results serve as major inputs into investor's valuation models, affecting securities prices and in turn managers compensation and wealth. The figures from financial results are also being used by institutional investors to gauge enterprise performance and the quality of management (Lev 2003). The aim of this paper is analyse BP's 2005 through 2008 annual reports so as to assess the influence of

Sprint and Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sprint and Managerial Economics - Essay Example ve their heart in the business, they have identified themselves with the business , customers on the other hand have identified themselves with the employees , they have build good rapport and their departure is likely to impact the business tremendously and in a negative way. Sprint Corporation would have explained to their employees the situation that the firm was facing and then give them an opportunity to chose as it happened in the case of Kelvin k company where employees were given a choice to chose leaving the company and seek new and greener pastures. Laying off employees is not a decision that is made in the short term, it is a decision that takes time therefore when the management of Sprint realized that they were headed for bad times they would automatically initiated the idea of voluntary retirement to their employees, in this way the loyal employees would not have felt betrayed. Sprint received a bad editorial coverage due to its lay off strategy. This included the media where most of the times the media sympathizes with the laid of employees and portrays them as victims, therefore Sprints consumers may have received the wrong impression of the corporation. The loyal employees also receive many privileges in the companies including immense trust, this does not escape the eyes of the customers who also in turn trust the employees more, whenever the employees move out of the company and transfer to other companies they make an effort to go with their customers greatly injuring the turnover of their previous company , this should never be allowed to happened particularly to a company that is experiencing financial constraints like Sprint Corporation. There are other options that Sprint would have followed including reducing employee allowances while awaiting the end of the constraints, those who would have felt that it was too much would have been given the liberty to leave the company and as stated above. Whenever a company is experiencing

Ethnic Minority Movements in the USA Term Paper

Ethnic Minority Movements in the USA - Term Paper Example The term paper "Ethnic Minority Movements in the USA" aims to carry out an in-depth research on the ethnic movements, which had been launched in the USA during nineteenth and twentieth centuries onward. One of the most important reasons behind conducting study includes the exploration of ethnic conflicts in the country. The studies reveal the very fact that although no society could be viewed as free from ethnic-racial discrimination, yet the same evidently exists in the multicultural regions of the world, particularly Europe, the USA and the Middle East with its extreme awkwardness, high intensity, and condemnable severity. Consequently, the existence of different ethnicities and racial groups serves as a universal phenomenon, though some of the societies, especially the USA, witness existence of almost all ethnic groups in the country. The American society consists of white Anglo Saxon, indigenous Red Indian, African American, and central and south Asian and Far East populations, a nd hence represents almost all ethnicities existing on the face of the earth. It is partly due to the reality that the USA has observed tremendous progress in all areas of life during the last two centuries. As a result, the individuals from various zones and regions of the globe have migrated to the USA on the temporary or permanent basis for seeking higher education, getting medical treatment, starting corporate ventures and in search of job and employment. The ancestors of contemporary era African Americans had also been taken as slaves.

Creativity in Translation Essay Example for Free

Creativity in Translation Essay 1. Introduction Translation has been defined as follows: â€Å"The replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language. † (Schjoldager 2008: 17) However, most translators will argue that translation is much more than that. And I will too. Translation has many purposes and many different audiences – and therefore, the same text can have several different translations. But do translators take advantage of the option of being creative when translating? This project will try to respond to this particular question. 2. Problem statement. With reference to the hypothesis and questions beneath, this project will focus on how and why creativity can be used in translation. The aim is to examine how creative translators are when translating different text types. The degree of creativity used in translation varies enormously when translating different text types. How can creativity in translation be defined? Why can a translator be creative in some text types – and not in others? Which role does the culture of the target group play? 3. Method and delimitation This project will constitute an empirical case study of different translated texts by means of a  comparative analysis of the source texts1 and target texts2. Initially, the notion of translation will be defined using primarily Anne Schjoldager’s, Hans Vermeer’s, Christiane Nord’s and Katharina Reiss’ theories on the subject. Different relevant and important terms will be explained for use later in the analysis. Creativity in relation to translation will then be defined and also, I will determine and delimitate this project’s definition of creativity by suggesting ‘a model of creativity in translation’. This part will be based on Schjoldager’s  aforementioned theories as well as Loffredo and Perteghella’s theory on creativity and translation. Subsequently, I will analyse eleven translated texts of the types: journalistic texts, advertising texts, tourism texts and technical texts, in order to determine their level of creativity. Using Anne Schjoldager’s models of macro- and microstrategies and Christiane Nord’s theories of extratextual and intratextual factors, the textual analyses will include genre determination, 1 From now on termed ’ST’. 2 From now on termed ’TT’. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 4 of 35 accounting of the communicative situation and purpose as well as elaboration on the microstrategies used by the translator. The TTs will be compared to their STs in order to decide which microstrategies have been applied in the process of translation. The approach to analysis will be the same for all eleven cases as this will produce the most reliable result when discussing the outcome. In selecting the texts for analysis I have distinguished between actual translation and copywriting. Thus, all the TTs are clearly translations of a ST, and the data consists entirely of texts that have been translated from Danish to English. As a supplement to the analysis, I have included a quantitative counting of the creative microstrategies applied in each TT. The purpose of this counting is solely to provide an illustrative representation of the occurrences of creative strategies in the TTs. Given that the body of empirical data in this project is relatively small, it will only allow me to attempt to come to inductive conclusions founded on generalisations which I base on individual instances and existing theory. In other words, this study can only constitute an indication, and a larger data basis would be necessary for deriving results of greater veracity. 4. Introduction to translation theory 4. 1. Defining translation In order to carry out precise analyses of the translated texts, the concepts involved must be clearly defined. Therefore, this introductory part of the project will elaborate the notion of translation and important concepts which will be employed in the succeeding parts. 4. 1. 1. The skopos theory The skopos theory is the best known functional approach to translation, and it has had great influence on professional translation. Skopos is the Greek word for ‘Intention’, ‘purpose’ or ‘function’ and Vermeer, who evolved the theory uses this term to emphasise the purpose with the TT, which he sees as the most important factor in the translation process (Vermeer 2000: 224). The claim of the theory is that, exactly like all other communication, translation requires a purpose (skopos) and the translator of course have to abide by this. The so-called ‘skopos rule’ (Schjoldager 2008: 154) says that it is important for all translators to translate conscientiously and always in accordance with a given skopos. However, one ST can have several ‘skopoi’ since the different  parts of it can be translated for different reasons. This project will use the notion of skopos in the sense described by Schjoldager (2008: 154); the aim of the TT. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst. 4. 1. 2. Presuppositions Another essential notion in translation theory is the one of presuppositions. According to Nord (2005: 106), ‘presuppositions comprise all the information that the sender expects (=presupposes) to  be part of the receiver’s horizon. ’ This project will adopt Nord’s interpretation of the term, and presuppositions are therefore regarded as the elements of the communicative situation – in this case, the texts – which are known to both sender and reader and which do not need to be mentioned explicitly. When translators translate a text, they are receivers of the ST and therefore share the implicit presuppositions of the source culture. Hence, the presuppositions do not ‘appear’ until a text is translated and targeted at new receivers in the target culture (Nord 2005: 106). 4. 1. 3. Reiss’ text types. Katharina Reiss’ notion of text types mainly focuses on different texts’ functions in the culture they were produced in and how these functions can be reflected in the translation of the text. She defines translation as the functionally equivalent text of the source text in the target culture. So, her idea of translation depends on the function and creation of the equivalent of it in the target culture. Reiss defines three main functions; Informative, expressive, and operative3. The functional characteristics of the three text types are depicted in the table below. Text type: Informative Expressive Operative. Language function Informative (representing objects and facts) Expressive (expressing sender’s attitude) Appellative (making an appeal to text receiver) Language dimension Logical Aesthetic Dialogic Text focus Content-focused Form-focused Appellative-focused TT should†¦ Transmit referential content Transmit aesthetic form Elicit desired response Translation method ‘Plain prose’, explicitation as required ‘Identifying’ method, adopt perspective of ST author ‘Adaptive’, equivalent effect Functional characteristics of text types and links to translation methods (Reiss in Munday 2008: 73). 3 Reiss also includes the audiomedial text type which will be excluded here as it only concerns visual and spoken texts etc. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 6 of 35 4. 2. Macrostrategy In order for the translator to decide how to translate a given text, he would have to estimate which macrostrategy would be appropriate. A macrostrategy can either be ST oriented or TT oriented. A  translator should always decide which macrostrategy to employ to a TT with respect to the skopos of the ST. Anne Schjoldager (2008: 71) suggests that the translator should take three aspects into consideration which will help deciding on a macrostrategy. She has set up the three aspects in the model below: ST oriented macrostrategy TT oriented macrostrategy Focus on source-text form and content Focus on target-text effect Communication of somebody else’s communication Mediation between primary parties in a communication Overt translation Covert translation A model of macrostrategies (Schjoldager 2008: 72) If the translator is expected to focus on form and content of the ST, to be a communicator of someone else’s communication and to make the translation overt, the result will be a ST oriented translation. On the contrary, if focus is on the effect of the TT, the translator functions as a mediator and produces a covert translation, the result is a TT oriented translation (Schjoldager 2008: 71-72). 4. 3. Microstrategies After having decided on the macrostrategy, the microstrategies must be considered by the translator. The microstrategies applied in the text tell us something about how the translator has chosen to deal  with specific problems or issues. That is, at the micro level, i. e. in connection with words, phrases and sentences (Schjoldager 2008: 89). The strategy at micro level decides how the ST should be translated in order to produce an appropriate TT. Below is Anne Schjoldager’s ‘Taxonomy of microstrategies’. A more elaborate account of the microstrategies relevant for the analysis will be presented later in connection with my definition of creativity in translation (cf. section 5. 2). Direct transfer Transfers something unchanged. Calque Transfers the structure or makes a very close translation. Direct translation Translates in a word-for-word procedure. Oblique translation Translates in a sense-for-sense procedure. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 7 of 35 Explicitation Makes implicit information explicit. Paraphrase Translates rather freely. Condensation Translates in a shorter way, which may involve implication (making explicit information implicit). Adaptation Recreates the effect, entirely or partially. Addition Adds a unit of meaning. Substitution Changes the meaning. Deletion Leaves out a unit of meaning. Permutation Translates in a different place. A taxonomy of microstrategies (Schjoldager 2008: 92) 5. Creativity in translation In order to answer the question ‘how can creativity in translation be defined’, this project will suggest a model of creativity in translation, based on Anne Schjoldager’s taxonomy of microstrategies above, Loffredo and Perteghella’s theory on creativity and my own characterisation of creativity. According to Loffredo and Perteghella (2006: 9) ‘creativity is still regarded as a  spontaneous process readily associated with a special individual and a sort of freedom, which is sustained by an individualistic conception of authorship According to this conception, the author freely expresses his thought and feelings in writing. ’ This project, however, will have a somewhat narrower definition of creativity. The twelve aforementioned microstrategies posed by Anne Schjoldager can be divided into more and less creative strategies. Characteristic for some of them is that they do not alter, add or remove any linguistic or semantic meaning when applied to the TT. This goes for direct transfer, calque, direct translation and oblique translation4 which all translates close or very close to the ST (Schjoldager 2008: 93-99). Therefore, I do not consider these creative microstrategies, and texts translated using solely these cannot be considered creative translations. On the contrary, the remaining eight strategies do all in some way add to the level of creativity when applied in a translation. Though the semantic meaning is by some means rendered, there are linguistic changes when employing these strategies. Within these eight creative strategies, the degree of creativity varies as well. The model of creativity classifies the strategies explicitation, condensation and deletion as slightly creative since they merely involve elaborating on existing 4 To some extent, oblique translation can also be regarded a creative strategy, as smaller linguistic changes can occur in connection with the use of it. Though, in this project, I have chosen not to include it as a creative strategy. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 8 of 35 meaning, shortening text and taking out meaning. The top five strategies, however, are rewriting semantics of the ST or adding meaning which cannot be directly inferred from the ST. Therefore, I regard these as slightly more creative. A creative translation, though, still renders more or less all ST meaning, and this is what I find distinguishes actual translation from e. g. copywriting. 5. 1. Model of creativity High degree of creativity. Non-creative 5. 2. The creative microstrategies This section will shortly outline the important features of the above mentioned creative  microstrategies; that is, the topmost eight in the model of creativity. 5. 2. 1. Explicitation Explicitation makes implicit information explicit, to put it briefly. In literary translation, the strategy is often used to make texts more cohesive, but it is also seen in other kinds of translation. It is used when there is a need to expand on something, e. g. cultural bound references or presuppositions not shared by the TT audience. What makes this strategy creative is the fact that a unit of meaning is added to the text; although it can be directly inferred from the ST (Schjoldager 2008: 99-100). Substitution Permutation Adaptation Paraphrase Addition Deletion Condensation Explicitation Oblique translation Direct translation Calque Direct transfer Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 9 of 35 5. 2. 2. Condensation Condensation translates a ST unit in a shorter way which may involve making explicit information implicit; implicitation. Condensation renders the already existing contextual meaning in a shorter  way and is therefore only considered slightly creative. (Schjoldager 2008: 102). 5. 2. 3. Deletion Deletion is leaving out a ST unit of meaning from the TT. The unit is completely taken out and is not implicitly present, as is the case in condensation (Schjoldager 2008: 108). In that way, this microstrategy is somewhat creative although not considered one of the most creative. 5. 2. 4. Addition When a unit of meaning is added to the TT, Schjoldager (2008: 104-105) refers to it as addition. The added unit cannot be directly deduced from the ST, thus, addition is different from explicitation  and is also slightly more creative. 5. 2. 5. Paraphrase By paraphrasing, ST meaning is rendered, though quite freely. The TT elements can seem somewhat different to those of the ST but the contextual meaning of the elements corresponds. It can be hard to define just how the two units of meaning correspond; however, there is no doubt that they do (Schjoldager 2008: 100-101). Therefore, this strategy can be considered creative. 5. 2. 6. Adaptation Adaptation is one of the most creative strategies as it does not necessarily render any contextual meaning, but rather recreates the effect of a ST item in the TT. It is applied, for example, where cultural references in the ST cannot be translated or explicated. It is somewhat similar to oblique translation and paraphrase, but is more creative and is often applied, where the translator wants to ‘imitate the source-text author’s thinking process’ (Schjoldager 2008: 103). That is, the translator ‘adapts’ the text to the TT audience and culture. When applying this strategy to larger units in a translation, it can be discussed whether it is actual translation or copywriting. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst. Page 10 of 35 5. 2. 7. Permutation Permutation is mostly used in literary translations. It translates ST effects in a different place in the TT. It is applied when a given ST effect cannot be rendered in the TT for linguistic or stylistic reasons. Hence, the effect is recreated somewhere else in the TT (Schjoldager 2008: 109). 5. 2. 8. Substitution Again we are dealing with a rather creative strategy as substitution involves changing the meaning of a ST unit. The TT unit is clearly a translation of the ST, but the semantic meaning has changed (Schjoldager 2008: 106). 6. Approach to analysis In order to comment on the level of creativity in the translated texts, an analysis of both extratextual and intratextual factors must be carried out. According to Nord (2005: 43-141), the extratextual factors are aspects concerning e. g. sender, audience, medium and text function, while the intratextual factors involve subject matter, content, genre and register. In my analyses of the TTs, I will take both extratextual and intratextual factors into consideration, as well as discuss the macro-  and microstrategies applied in the translations. The extratextual analysis will be partly inspired by Reiss’ theories on text types, and I will also make use of Anne Schjoldager’s above-mentioned ‘Model of macrostrategies’ and ‘Taxonomy of microstrategies’. The analysis will be carried out with awareness of the fact that all microstrategies cannot be ‘placed in watertight boxes’ and conclusions will therefore be drawn on the basis of a somewhat subjective interpretation of the microstrategies. 6. 1. The data The eleven texts have been chosen in an attempt to cover different text types and genres within  different fields. Because of the limited time and lack of space, it is only possible to include a restricted number of texts in the analysis, which is why I have chosen four different types and analysed two or three examples within each. In all cases, I assume that the texts have originally been written in Danish and then translated into English given that only texts from Danish companies have been selected. All STs and TTs have a length of approximately one standard page and can therefore be considered rather short texts. The data is typical data, representative of many  other texts of the same type as they are chosen more or less randomly from their natural context. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 11 of 35 7. Analysis 7. 1. Journalistic texts Journalistic texts belong partly to Reiss’ ’informative text type’. Journalistic texts, such as news paper articles and press releases perform the function of communicating ‘information, knowledge opinions etc. ’ (Munday 2008: 72) as facts must be reported correctly. Of course, the journalistic text type is a vague term and certain texts within the category will also be characterised by the expressive and operative function according to the field and skopos of the text. This section will comprise analysis of three texts within the journalistic type; a press release, a news article and a business article. 7. 1. 1. Analysis of ‘DSB wins fourth rail contact in Sweden’ The text which is of the written medium was published on DSB’s website. It is a press release informing readers about DSB’s new rail contract in Sweden. The receivers of the text, the readers,  are foreign users of DSB’s website and in particular those with an interest in DSB’s business concern and in business in general. The text is a translation of the Danish press release ‘DSB vinder fjerde togkontrakt i Sverige’, and I assume that it is translated by a professional translator (Schjoldager 2008: 29). It is an interlingual translation as the Danish article has been translated into another language: English. When readers of the press release enter the English website of DSB, the translation will appear covert to them, but since it is obvious that DSB is a Danish company and their corporate language is  Danish, readers should be aware of the fact that they are reading a translation, and I will categorise the translation as more overt than covert (Schjoldager 2008: 31). Generally seen, the translator of this text has mostly made use of the microstrategies direct translation and oblique. These render the content of the TT very close to the ST and are therefore not considered creative strategies according to my definition of creativity (cf. chapter 5). However, there are a few examples of deletion and explicitation (appendix 1). Microstrategy ST TT Deletion ‘( )der ligger i det centrale Sydsverige lige syd for Sveriges n?m  ststorste so Vattern. †¦ Appendix 2 and 3 The Danish sentence ‘( )der ligger i det centrale Sydsverige lige syd for Sveriges n? ststorste so Vattern. ’ has been left out in the English translation. This is an example of deletion. As the TT is Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 12 of 35 probably intended for foreigners who might not have any knowledge of the geography of Sweden,  the translator has most likely found the information irrelevant and simply left it out. It does not change the meaning or effect of the ST, and so, the translator is free to be a bit creative and delete it. Apart from the few instances of deletion and explicitation, the press release has been translated in a fairly ST-oriented way. The skopos of the TT, and perhaps of press releases in general, is assumedly to be solely informing people of news and new initiatives of the company. In other words, this is an example of a predominantly informative text type. Moreover, one could  imagine that a big company like DSB would attempt to standardise all official communication with its customers and other stakeholders, regardless of the native language. 7. 1. 2. Analysis of ’Claims of bribery at tax authority’ The text is an online news paper article published at www. politiken. dk on March 24 2010, and it is a translation of the Danish text ‘Eks-kontorchef: Skattechef fik store middage af firma’. It is an article informing about bribery at the Danish tax authority SKAT. The target audience – both of the Danish and the English version – are readers of politiken. dk and perhaps in particular those with an  interest in business matters and the company SKAT. The TT is a written, interlingual translation and presumably, the ST has been translated by a professional translator (Schjoldager 2008: 29). When readers of the article enter the site with the English news, the translation will appear covert to them. Though they might be aware of the fact that the TT is a translation, it is of no significance to them as they are not expected to know the ST (Schjoldager: 32). Therefore, the translation can be categorised as covert. The translation of this text is characterised by the use of quite a few creative strategies (appendix 1)). The TT is as such not very close to the ST, but still, it must be categorised a translation since more or less all information communicated by the ST is included in the TT as well. Some of the strategies which make this translation rather creative are addition, deletion and especially paraphrase. In this analysis, though, I will only include a few examples of paraphrase, as an assessment of them all would be too extensive. Microstrategy ST TT Paraphrase Eks-kontorchef: Skattechefer fik store middage af firma Claims of bribery at tax authority Appendix 4 and 5. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L.  F. Holst Page 13 of 35 The first creative strategies are seen in the headline and the subheading. The Danish headline ‘Eks- kontorchef: Skattechefer fik store middage af firma’ is translated into ‘Claims of bribery at tax authority’. The ST meaning is rendered, though in a slightly different way. The ST headline has an agent; namely the ‘eks-kontorchef’ who claims the bribery. Whereas the TT headline expresses the action with a noun. That is, the translator has chosen not to just apply direct translation even though it is possible. He has translated it in a more creative way by using the strategy of paraphrase. Microstrategy ST TT Paraphrase Tidligere kontorchef advarer i Jyllands- Posten om bestikkelse i Skat. Former tax authority department head goes whistleblower. Appendix 4 and 5. Also the subheading has not been translated by means of the more direct, non-creative microstrategies. Again, the ST meaning is rendered but in a way that is difficult to define precisely. The Danish sentence contains more explicit information and also, the term ‘goes whistleblower’ is  sort of a fixed expression which gives the phrase a negative ring. Nevertheless, it does not add or take out meaning and therefore, it can be considered a creative translation. The examples of paraphrase together with the other creative microstrategies applied by the translator make the TT appear creative. As an article, the ST must still be considered an informative text type, and the TT is too, although the translation is somewhat TT oriented. 7. 1. 3. Analysis of ‘Vestas lands massive turbine order’ This TT is a translation of the Danish version ‘Vestas scorer historisk stor ordre’, which is found at www. politiken. dk; a Danish news website. It is a business article dealing with a new big turbine order of the Danish company Vestas. The target audience, therefore, consists of non Danish- speaking users of the website with an interest in Vestas’ businesses or in business in general. The TT is a written, intralingual translation from Danish to English, in all probability translated by a professional (Schjoldager 2008: 29). Users of the site with English news might be aware of the fact that the TT is a translation but like the previous example, it is of no significance to them as they are not expected to know the ST (Schjoldager 2008: 32). Hence, the translation will appear covert to them. Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 14 of 35 The English TT is marked by several creative strategies of the kinds addition, deletion and explicitation (appendix 1). It is somewhat similar to the ST in both form and content, but many details have been altered or conformed to the target audience. Microstrategy ST TT Deletion Gl? de hos Vestas Deletion Aktion? rerne begejstrede Appendix 6 and 7. The above examples of deletion show that the two subheadings in the Danish ST has been left out in the TT which in fact is the case of many of the English news stories at politiken. dk. The example below is a very typical case of explicitation which is often found in relation to proper nouns and titles etc. which are presupposed by the source audience. Here it is the Danish company Vestas that has been explained to the foreign readers who might not share the presupposition that it is a Danish company. Microstrategy ST TT Explicitation Vindmollefabrikanten Vestas har faet sin  storste enkeltstaende ordre nogensinde Denmark’s wind turbine giant Vestas has landed its biggest single order ever. Appendix 6 and 7. The above examples, together with the additional cases of creative translation, do not make the TT appear as creative as one would think. This is probably due to the fact that, although there are many instances of creative translation in the text, the strategies applied do not belong to the most creative microstrategies; that is, the topmost strategies in the model of creativity (cf. section 5. 1). Therefore, the translation must be considered fairly ST oriented, with only the alterations required by the  culture of the target audience. 7. 1. 4. Initial conclusion The three analyses of journalistic texts show that the degree of creativity in the translations varies within this text type. The press release from DSB is translated quite close to the ST seeing that mostly non-creative strategies have been applied. The article from politiken. dk about SKAT, though, has been applied several creative strategies. This is also the case of the third article about Vestas, although the strategies employed belong to the slightly less creative ones, and therefore the Creativity in translation – a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 15 of 35 translation does not appear that creative. Even though the three texts all include elements of creativity, they are still associated with the informative text type, as the TTs do transmit the referential and conceptual content of the ST (cf. section 4. 1. ). The analysis could have included more different types of journalistic texts and articles; as for instance sports journalism and entertainment. That might have shown higher degrees of  creativity since these kinds of texts belong more to the expressive, TT oriented texts which aim to transmit the effect of the ST rather than the form and content (Munday 2008: 74). 7. 2. Tourism texts ‘The tourist brochure is an operative text. Its dominant function is to present material in such a way that it attracts attention and invites patronage. ’ (Snell-Hornby in Anderman Rogers: 1999: 95). The above extract concerns tourist brochures but can apply to all forms of tourism texts in general. Snell-Hornby argues that the main focus of tourism texts is the appeal to the audience, and that they  are culture bound. That is, their purpose and effect varies with the reader (Mary Snell-Hornby in Anderman Rogers: 1999: 95). According to Reiss (Munday 2008: 73), the tourist text is one of the hybrid text types since it provides information about a subject, attempts to persuade readers to visit a certain attraction, and at the same time it can have expressive features. In this section, three tourism texts from the web will be analysed. 7. 2. 1. Analysis of ’Petzi moves into Tivoli Gardens’ The text is a translation of the Danish ST ‘Rasmus Klump flytter ind I Tivoli’. It was published on  the website of the Danish amusement park, Tivoli, with the aim of informing tourists about a new attraction, Petzi’s World. Therefore, the target audience of this TT is tourists visiting Denmark or foreign people living in Denmark who plans to pay a visit to Tivoli. The TT is a written, interlingual translation and most likely, the ST has been translated by a professional translator commissioned by Tivoli (Schjoldager 2008: 29). Tourists entering the website are almost certainly aware of the fact that Tivoli is a Danish corporation; thus they know that they are reading translated texts when choosing the English version of the website.